- “SUMER” Empire (Ancient Mesopotamia)Year Established and Ended: c.4500 – c.1900 BCE
Current Form of Government: Modern-day Iraq – Federal Parliamentary Republic
Current Constitution Date: October 15, 2005
As one of the first urban civilizations in the world, the Sumerians established the world’s first and oldest government. By the 4thmillennium BCE, Sumer was divided into many city-states which were ruled by a priestly governor or king. The Sumerians are also responsible for the oldest known law code found today, the Code of Ur-Nammu.The Sumerian government ran several public programs including the use of an agricultural specialized labor force and a massive irrigation and canal system. All Sumerians, excluding the rich, were required by the government to work on the canals in a forced or (intermittent, unpaid labor). Although the Sumerian civilization no longer exists, their descendants are the modern-day people of Iraq. The 2nd king was the “ 2. 2. AkkadiansThen comes the “ Akkadian Empire’s year was Established and Ended: c.2334 BCE – c.2154 BCE Duration: of about 180 years
Founding Country: Ancient Mesopotamia – around modern-day Iraq
Capital City: Akkad
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2. Akkadian Empire was the first empire of ancient Mesopotamia, which makes it the oldest empire in the world. Under the empire, Akkadians and Sumerians were united and many people were bilingual, speaking both the Akkadian and Sumerian language.There were eight kings over the duration of the Akkadian Empire: Sargon, Rimush, Manishtushu, Naram-Sin, Shar-Kali-Sharri, Interregnum, Dudu, and Shu-turul.Although scholars have documented over 7,000 texts detailing the Akkadian Empire, they have not yet located the capital city of Akkad.Most of the archaeological research related to the Akkadian Empire comes from an area in modern northeastern Syria, which became part of Assyria after the fall of Akkad.
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3rd Assyrian EmpireYear Established and Ended: c.2025 BCE – c.605 BCE
Duration: 1,420 years
Founding Country: Assyria (parts of modern-day Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Iran)
Capital City: several throughout different periods – first capital city was Aššur
